| The Huns Ancient warriors (part 1) |
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The Huns were an early confederation of
Central Asian equestrian nomads or
semi-nomads.[1]
Some of these Eurasian tribes moved into
Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, most
famously under Attila the Hun. Huns remaining
in Asia are recorded by neighboring peoples
to the south, east, and west as having
occupied Central Asia roughly from the 4th
century to the 6th century, with some
surviving in the Caucasus until the early 8th
century. The Huns were Mongoloid in
appearance according to Roman writers. The
only extant description on Attila's
appearance is that of Priscus: "short of
stature, with a broad chest and a large head;
his eyes were small, his beard thin and
sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose
and a swarthy complexion, showing the
evidences of his origin." Attila's physical
appearance was most likely that of an Eastern
Asian: Mongol and Turkic.[
[edit] Origin and identity
The research and debate about the Asian
ancestral origins of the Huns has been
ongoing since the 18th century. For example
philologists still debate to this day which
ethnonym from Chinese, Persian or Armenian
sources is not identical with the Latin Hunni
or the Greek Chounnoi as evidence of the
Huns' identity.[3]
Recent genetic research[3] shows that the
great confederations of steppe warriors were
not an ethnically homogeneous people, but
tended to be composed of various Eurasian
clans, Mongoloid (Turkic, Tungus, Mongol,
Finno-Ugric) and Caucasoid (Iranian, peoples
of the Caucasus), the Huns had even
incorporated many unrelated Iranian Scythian
tribes (Alans, Sarmatians), Germanic tribes
(Gepids, Goths) and Slav tribes. Hun identity
is further complicated by the fame of the
name, as apparently many clans claimed to be
Huns for the prestige of the name. Similarly,
Greek or Latin chroniclers may have used
"Huns" in a more general sense, to describe
social or ethnic characteristics, believed
place of origin, or reputation.[3]"All we can
say safely", says Walter Pohl,"is that the
name Huns, in late antiquity, described
prestigious ruling groups of steppe
warriors".[3] These views come in the context
of the ethnocentric and nationalistic
scholarship of past generations, which often
presumed that an ethnic homogeneity must
underlie a socially and culturally
homogeneous people.[4]
Evidence from genetic and ethnogenesis
research contrasts with traditional theories
based on Chinese records, archaeology,
linguistics and other indirect evidence.
These theories contain various elements: that
the name "Hun" first described a nomadic
ruling group of warriors whose ethnic origins
were in Central Asia, and was most likely in
present day Mongolia; that possibly they were
related to, or part of, the Xiongnu (first
suggested by Joseph de Guignes in the 18th
century); that the Xiongnu were defeated by
the Chinese Han Empire; and that this is why
they left Mongolia and moved west, eventually
invading Europe 200 years later. Indirect
evidence includes the transmission of the
composite bow, the so-called Hun bow, from
Central Asia to the west.
This narrative is ingrained in western (and
eastern) historiography, but the evidence is
often indirect or ambiguous. The Huns left
practically no written records. There is no
record of what happened between the time they
left China and arrived in Europe 150 years
later. The last mention of the northern
Xiongnu was their defeat by the Chinese in
151 at the lake of Barkol, after which they
fled to the western steppe at K'ang-chü
(centered on Turkestan in Kazakhstan).
Chinese records between the 3rd and 4th
century suggest that a small tribe called
Yueban, remnants of northern Xiongnu, was
distributed about the steppe of Kazakhstan.
One recent line of reasoning favors a
political and cultural link between the Huns
and the Xiongnu. The Central Asian (Sogdian
and Bactrian) sources of the 4th century
translate "Huns" as "Xiongnu", and "Xiongnu"
as "Huns"; also, Xiongnu and Hunnish
cauldrons are virtually identical, and were
buried on the same spots (river banks) in
Hungary and in the Ordos.[5]
The Huns may be of Turkic origin. This school
of thought emerged when Joseph de Guignes in
the 18th century identified the Huns with the
Xiongnu or (H)siung-nu.[6] It is supported by
O. Maenchen-Helfen on the basis of his
linguistic studies.[7][8] English scholar
Peter Heather called the Huns "the first
group of Turkic, as opposed to Iranian,
nomads to have intruded into Europe".[9]
Turkish researcher Kemal Cemal bolsters this
assertion by showing similarities in words
and names in Turkic and Hunnic languages, and
similarities in systems of governance of
Hunnic and Turkic tribes. Hungarian historian
Gyula Nemeth also supports this view.[10]
Uyghur historian Turghun Almas has suggested
a link between the Huns and the Uyghurs, a
Turkic speaking people who reside in
Xinjiang, China.
The so-called "White Huns" of Procopius were
probably not related to the classical Huns,
but were most likely related to the
Indo-European Iranians and
Tocharians.[11][12][13]
[edit] History
The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes
of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from
the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea
[edit] 2nd-5th centuries
Dionysius Periegetes describes a people who
may be Huns living near the Caspian Sea in
the 2nd century. By AD 139, the European
geographer Ptolemy writes that the "Khuni"
are next to the Dnieper River and ruled by
"Suni". He lists the "Chuni" as among the
"Sarmatian" White Hun tribes in the second
century, although it is not known for certain
if these people were the Huns. The 5th
century Armenian historian Moses of Khorene,
in his "History of Armenia," introduces the
Hunni near the Sarmatians and describes their
capture of the city of Balk ("Kush" in
Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which
explains why the Greeks call that city Hunuk.
Following the defeat of the Xiongnu by the
Han, Xiongnu history is unknown for a
century; thereafter, the Liu family of
southern Xiongnu Tiefu attempted to establish
a state in western China (see Han Zhao).
Chionites (OIONO/Xiyon) appear on the scene
in Transoxiana in 320 immediately after Jin
Zhun overthrew Liu Can, sending the Xiongnu
into chaos. Later Kidara came along to lead
the Chionites into pressing on the Kushans.
In the west, Ostrogoths came in contact with
the Huns in AD 358. The Armenians mention
Vund c.370: the first recorded Hunnish leader
in the Caucasus region. The Romans invited
the Huns east of Ukraine to settle Pannonia
in 361, and in 372 they pushed west led by
their king Balimir, and defeated the Alans.
In the east, in the early 5th century, Tiefu
Xia is the last southern Xiongnu dynasty in
Western China and the Alchon / Huna appear in
what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. At this
point deciphering Hunnish histories for the
multi-linguist becomes easier with relatively
well-documented events in Byzantine,
Armenian, Iranian, Indian, and Chinese
sources.
[edit] European Huns
A 14th century chivalric-romanticized
painting of "the huns" laying siege to a
city. Note anachronistic details in weapons,
armor and city type. Chronicon Pictum,
1360.The Huns appeared in Europe in the 4th
century, apparently from in Central Asia.
They first appeared north of the Black Sea,
forcing a large number of Goths to seek
refuge in the Roman Empire; later, the Huns
appeared west of the Carpathians in Pannonia,
probably sometime between 400 and 410,
perhaps triggering the massive migration of
Germanic tribes westward across the Rhine in
December 406.
The establishment of the 5th century Hunnic
Empire marks a historically early instance of
horseback migration. Under the leadership of
Attila the Hun, the Huns achieved hegemony
over several well-organized rivals by using
superior weaponry such as the Hun bow, and a
well-organized system of taxation.
Supplementing their wealth by plundering
wealthy Roman cities to the south, the Huns
maintained the loyalties of a diverse number
of tributary tribes.
Attila's Huns incorporated groups of
unrelated tributary peoples. In Europe,
Alans, Gepids, Scirii, Rugians, Sarmatians,
Slavs and Gothic tribes all united under the
Hun family military elite. After Attila's
death, some of his Huns eventually settled in
Pannonia, but the Empire dissolved after his
sons were defeated by Ardaric's coalition at
the Battle of Nedao in 454, at modern day
Nedava.
Memory of the Hunnish conquest was
transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and
is an important component in the Old Norse
Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga, and the
Middle High German Nibelungenlied, all of
which portray Migrations period events a
millennium before their written recordings.
In the Hervarar saga, the Goths make first
contact with the bow-wielding Huns and meet
them in an epic battle on the plains of the
Danube. In the Völsunga saga and the
Nibelungenlied, Attila (Atli in Norse and
Etzel in German) defeats the Frankish king
Sigebert I (Sigurðr or Siegfried) and the
Burgundian King Guntram (Gunnar or Gunther),
but is later assassinated by Queen Fredegund
(Gudrun or Kriemhild), the sister of the
latter and wife of the former.
[edit] Successor nations
Many nations have tried to assert themselves
as ethnic or cultural successors to the Huns.
For instance, the Nominalia of the Bulgarian
khans may indicate that they believed
themselves to have been descended from
Attila. The Bulgars certainly were part of
the Hun tribal alliance for some time, and
some have hypothesized in the past that the
Chuvash language (which is believed to have
descended from the Bulgar language) is the
closest surviving relative of the Hunnish
language.[14]
The Magyars (Hungarians) also have laid
claims to Hunnish heritage. Because the Huns
who invaded Europe represented a loose
coalition of various peoples, it is possible
that Magyars were part of it. Until the early
20th century, many Hungarian historians
believed that the Székely people (the
Hungarians' "brother nation" who live in
Transylvania) were the descendants of the
Huns.
The names "Hun" and "Hungarian" sound alike,
but differ in etymology. The name "Hungarian"
is derived from a Turkish phrase "onogur"
which means "ten tribes", which possibly
refers to a tribal covenant between the
different Hungarian tribes that moved into
the area of today's Hungary at the end of the
9th century.
In 2005, a group of about 2,500 Hungarians
petitioned the government for recognition of
minority status as direct descendants of
Attila. The bid failed, but gained some
publicity for the group, which formed in the
early 1990s and appears to represent a
special Hun(garian)-centric brand of
mysticism. The self-proclaimed Huns are not
known to possess any distinctly Hunnish
culture or language beyond what would be
available from historical and modern-mystical
Hungarian sources.[15]
While it is clear that the Huns left
descendants all over Eastern Europe, the
disintegration of the Hun Empire meant they
never regained their lost glory. One reason
was that the Huns never fully established the
mechanisms of a state, such as bureaucracy
and taxes, unlike the Magyars or Golden
Horde. Once disorganized, the Huns were
absorbed by more organized polities.
[edit] Historiography
The term "Hun" has been also used to describe
peoples with no historical connection to what
scholars consider to be "Huns".
On July 27, 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion
in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave
the order to "make the name 'German'
remembered in China for a thousand years, so
that no Chinaman [sic] will ever again dare
to even squint at a German". This speech,
wherein Kaiser Wilhelm invoked the memory of
the 5th-century Huns, coupled with the
Pickelhaube or spiked helmet worn by German
forces until 1916, that was reminiscent of
ancient Hun (and Hungarian) helmets, gave
rise to the later derogatory English usage of
the latter term for their German enemy during
World War I. This usage was reinforced by
Allied propaganda throughout the war, and
many pilots of the RFC referred to their foe
as "The Hun". The usage resurfaced during
World War II.
Tags : huns |
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Affichage : 77742
Durée : 525 s |
| HUNS in China |
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Huns (Xiongnu) were a confederation of
nomadic tribes from the steppes of Central
Asia. The Huns were the ancestors of the
Turkic, Mongolic and Ugric peoples. They
ruled and played a major role in the politics
of the vast lands stretching from the Great
Wall of China to the gates of Rome.
Episodes from Walt Disney's movie "Mulan"
(1998)
Download these episodes:
http://rapidshare.com/files/16490835/Huns.rar
Tags : Hun Huns Attila Turk Turkic Mongol Kazakh Kazakhstan Kazak Kazakstan Altay Mongolia Turkey China Eurasia nomad steppe |
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Affichage : 70590
Durée : 425 s |
| The Huns |
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Gerry Butler as Attila
**Disclaimer: These videos are non-profit
fan-made creations and are in no way
associated with the musical artists, movie,
actors.No copyright infringement intended.
Tags : Gerard Butler Attila |
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Affichage : 20137
Durée : 248 s |
| HUNS - MAGYARS (HUNGARIANS) |
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http://www.magyarmenedek.com/products/1662/HU
NS_-_MAGYARS.htm
http://www.magyarmenedek.com/products/1089/Hu
nok_-_Magyarok_-_Karpati_Gabor_Csaba.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/The%20Huns.htm
http://www.hunmagyar.org/tor/chron.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Books.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%201.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%202.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%203.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%205.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%206.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%207.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%208.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%209.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%2010.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%20-%20Part%2
02.htm
http://www.magtudin.org/Homeland%20-%20Biblio
graphy.htm
The Military Culture of Magyars and its
Related Peoples
The pictures in order from the book:
1.Skythian-Hun-Magyar
2.Our forefather, Nimrod, the powerful
magical hunter
3.Hunor and Magor are aiming at the Miracle
Stag in the Meotis Marsh
4.The „proposal" at Meotis
5.Sumerian leader
6.King Gudea starting a military campaign
7.A Sumerian militaty chariot dating from
2400 BC.
8.Reconstruction of Sumerian infantry
9.Capruring the Akkadian leader
10.Sumerian warriors defeating an Akkadian
soldier
11.Sumerian leader with the cut-off head of
his Akkadian enemy
12.Hittite military chariot
13.A Hittite king wearing initiatory clothes
14.Targitaos, the first king of the Skythians
15.Skythes, son of Heracles
16.A Skythian archer
17.A Skythian mounted archer
18.A Skythian warrior
19.A Skythian mounted archer wearing full
armour
20.A Skythian mercenary
21.A Skythian monarch
22.A Sarmatian archer
23.Sarmatian heads
24.Sarmatian warrior
25.A Sarmatian carrier of a military badge
26.A Parthian light horseman
27.Parthian heavy horseman („kataphraktes")
28.Siddhartha Gautama, Shakya prince
29.Jesus as a Parthian prince
30.A Hun (Hiung-nu) warrior pointing at the
Great Wall
31.Hun (Hiung-nu) warrior from Tou-man's army
32.Mao-tun, a legendary tanhu (Emperor)
33.A Hun horseman from the Hiung-nu era,
aiming his lance
34.Hun (Hiung-nu) archers
35.A Hun (Hiung-nu) heavy-horseman
36.A Hun (Hiung-nu) archer
37.A Hun (Hiung-nu) rider with a spear
38.Hun heads
39.A Hun man with distorted head
40.White Huns (Hephtalites) with a stable-boy
41.A White Huns (Hephtalites) warrior
42.Emperor Balambér
43.The fearful Hun army
44.The warriors of Balambér
45.The Huns entering the Carpathian Basin
46.Chieftain Keve
47.Emperor Rua (Roga)
48.A Hun pikeman
49.Studies about horse head-mails
50.A Hun horseman with shield
51.A Hun archer from Atilla's army
52.The young Atilla
53.Buda, spiritual King of the Hun-Magyars
54.Atilla: the Whip of God, Scourge of the
World
55.Ilek, Atilla's son, is leading his army to
war
56.The battle at Catalaunum (Mariacus-meadow)
57.The watch --tower of Atilla's wooden
castle
58.Moon Gate from Atilla's palace
59.The suspensioned bridge of Atilla's palace
60.Valaris, Osrtogoth chieftain
61.Fratricidal war after Atilla's death
62.Huns attack Huns
63.Prince Csaba on the Triumphal Way
64.Muager, the king of the Subareans
65.Bors, leader of the joining Kabars
66.A Subarean archer
67.A „pagan" Khazar warrior
68.Chieftain Álmos with chief-táltos
(magician-priest) Szovárd (Sovard)
69.Chieftain Tas having a rest
70.Chieftain Előd
71.Khan Asparuh's Bulgarian warrior
72.Álmos' homecoming Magyars
73.Petcheneg warrior
74.Home coming (end of 9th century)
75.A Cumanian archer
76.A Cumanian warrior
77.A Cumanian warrior having rest on his
horse
78.A warrior from the age of the Home-coming
(end of 9th century)
79.A Cumanian leader
80.A Cumanian mounted archer
81.Prince Árpád is lifted onto a shield
82.A mounted archer from the Nyék (Njek)
tribe
83.Prince Árpád
84.The glorious battle at Pozsony (today
Bratislava)
85.Chieftain Vérbulcsú (Verbulchu)
86.„Lord, save us from the arrows of the
Magyars!"
87.A Skythian gallant revelling
88.Chieftain Lehel
89.Chieftain Botond on his punitive military
campaign
90.Prince Taksony
91.'Kiskán' Gélyse
92.Tonuzoba, a faitful Petcheneg leader
93.Táltos (magician-priests) burnt at the
stake
94.Kipchak lancer
95.A Kipchak warrior
96.A Kipchak swordsman
97.Saint László from the house of Árpád
98.Iltiris, a Turkic Kagan
99.Kül Tegin, Turk viceroy
100.Turkic warrior
101.Suleiman's warriors
102.Mirza Ali Giray, the Crimean Tartar
khan's son in the Battle of Viena in 1683
103.A Budzak-Tartar warrior
104.A Mongolian mounted archer
105.Genghis Khan
106.The dreadful Limping Timur
107.A traditionalis archer
108.KASSAI LAJOS, Master of mounted archery
109.A traditionalist mounted archer I.
110.A traditionalist mounted archer II.
111.A mounted archer with a whip
112.A Skythian 'horse-herder'
113.Skythian-Hun-Magyar militiaman
114.A traditionalist camp today
115.Skythian-Hun-Magyar 'new alliantce'
Tags : Trianon austria germany france slovakia romania horse archery warlord horka hungary justice roma skytha hun avar magyar jazig pecheneg goth bulgar vlach europe history polish aurignatian selettian gravettian carpathian pannonia sumerian accadian jews comunism soviet russian judeo bolshevism liberalism marxism christianity 1956 revolution chaldeans etruscans hurits kassits kusits meds mitanians pelas phoenicians sabirians subarians religion buddhism islam mohamed persian china chinese |
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Affichage : 6758
Durée : 427 s |
| Mekaal Hassan Band latest video Huns Dhun |
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'Huns Dhun' is the 3rd video from MHB's
'Andholan' record. The video is a real life
account of the mass evacuation of the Afghan
Refugees who, according to the Afghan
Repatriation Deadline, were supposed to leave
the border areas of Pakistan for Afghanistan
by 2005. Seen through the eyes of three young
Afghani friends, the video traces their
journey from the area of Bajaur, NWFP,
Pakistan to the bordering hills of
Afghanistan.
Download the video:
http://j4jumpy.net/MusicLibrary/Videos/MHB-Hu
nsDhun_vdo.wmv
(right click and save target as)
Please don't forget to post your comments
below.
Regards,
The Team Jumpy
J4JUMPY.NET
are you underground?
Tags : j4jumpy mekaal hassan band huns dhun pakistan music video latest |
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Affichage : 4280
Durée : 296 s |
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